best sublimation printer for heat transfer

Before moving to the Epson printers' review, crack our comparison table. Available in multiple qunanities and sizes. Epson - EcoTank ET-2800 Wireless Color All-in-One Cartridge-Free Supertank Printer with Scan and Copy. Sublimation printing is a direct-to-material printing process that uses heat and pressure to transfer inks directly onto fabric. 11. To get started with sublimation printing you will need a sublimation printer, sublimation paper, heat press machine and blank apparel where our design will be transferred. 1. Whether you want to use traditional heat transfers or sublimation ink and paper, you'll need a decent printer that can handle your heat transfer needs. Sublimation printers exist but are not readily available for home and small business use. Read also: The 10 Best Sublimation Blanks Product in 2021 Best Ways for Sublimation on Acrylic: Acrylic is a polymer-based material. 4.5 out of 5 stars. Was: $229.90. In order to be able to offer you the best sublimation printer and heat press bundle available on the market today, we have compiled a comprehensive sublimation printer and heat press bundle list. Sublimation prints require heat transfer sheets to put the designs on sublimating materials for better customizations. Sublimation Printers Sublimation printer models come in a variety of print widths and ink configurations depending on the products you'll be making and your anticipated production volume. Epson EcoTank ET-15000 - best wide format Epson for Sublimation. Furthermore, it is best for logos, letters, and numbers with photo-realistic image quality in matte or glossy finishes. There are several types of heat transfer and sublimation printers available, but there is one that stands out from the rest: the Epson WorkForce 1100.This color inkjet can also double as a heat transfer printer and produces prints up to 13×19 inches. The printed film can transfer onto most fabric like cotton, polyester, nylon and even water-proofing fabricWe at Koncept Sublimation are supplier of best quality sublimation and DTF Products. In order to be able to offer you the best sublimation printer and heat press bundle available on the market today, we have compiled a comprehensive sublimation printer and heat press bundle list. This printer is prepared from recycled plastic and other electronics that are made up of 15% plastic. Our film can be printed by DTG printer or standard printers compatybile with one pass cmyk and white printing. 8 in 1 Digital T-Shirt Heat Press Machine Combo Sublimation Transfer Printer DIY. We identified it from reliable source. Regular price. Ideal for EPSON SC F170 Printers 8.5 x 11 100 Sheets 85 gsm Instant Drying Makes NO Pinch Roller Mark Works for both textiles and rigid applications - Multi Purpose (Rigid and Sublimation) ECOFREEN provides various range of sublimation papers from 50g to 105g ranges Sticky, Quick Drying - Ideal for textile The all-in-one printer is good for . $149.90. Sublimation carries a higher start-up cost than heat transfer paper, but that cost has greatly come down in recent years. First of all, you only need an inkjet printer or laser printer, a heat press, thermal transfer paper and the substrate you want to decorate. Epson WorkForce WF-7710.USA: https://amzn.to/2UHcShnUk: https://am. First, it makes sure there are no wrinkles on your shirt, which will ruin your sublimation. Printing your own designs is simple! This mini 3D Sublimation ST-2030 vacumm Machine is special made for mobile back cover printing. Sublimation printers can help us transfer beautiful and detailed full-color designs onto our projects. This process involves printing a paper release liner with sublimation dyes and then heat transferring the image. Finally, let us go through the step-by-step guide on how to perform sublimation on acrylic: Inkjet Printers and Laser Printers are most commonly used for heat transfer projects. Because it weighs only 30 lbs and works best on flat surfaces, you can print on glass, metal, fabric, and ceramics. TUSY Heat Press Machine 15x15 inch Digital Industrial Sublimation Printer Press Heat Transfer Machine for T Shirts. This . Sublimation printing has a bit higher start-up coast when compared to heat transfer vinyl, but maybe a better option based on final results. Check Price. Sawgrass SG1000 - best for t-shirts and activewear. 10 best sublimation ink for epsons Review: 1. Best Epson Printer for Heat Transfer. $22.99. FULL SET: 31ml standard capacity cartridges Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black cartridges. What Printer Can I Use For Sublimation? Workforce 7710 Vs 7720. What is Sublimation Printing (Definition): Sublimation printing is a method of printing that uses heat to transfer ink from the transfer paper onto a substrate, such as t-shirts, coffee mugs, tumblers, wood, photo tiles, awards & plaques, etc. World's Best Sublimation Paper! Sublimation starter packages such as the Sawgrass Virtuoso SG400 contain everything you need to start sublimating - minus the heat press - at a very affordable price. The best sublimation printer for heat transfer. Epson and Sawgrass inkjet printers are the two main companies making desktop printers that are suitable for sublimation printing onto various blanks. 4.3 out of 5 stars. One of the most ideal printers for heat transfers, dye-sublimation printer uses heat to transfer dye directly on the printing medium. Uninet Uninet iColor 650 White Heat Transfer Printer 230V (Includes iColor SmartCUT, ProRIP, 2 Year Warranty) Regular price. It's a fast, efficient way of creating custom designs on the fly, and you can get your prints ready within a few minutes. Both processes use the same ink, but they work differently on different surfaces. Printers Jack 400ML Sublimation Ink for Epson C88 C88+ WF7710 ET2720 ET4700. HeatPressNation offers sublimation heat transfer vinyl and Siser EasySubli by the sheet and roll. USCutter is an authorized distribution for sublimation printers wholesale inks blanks transfer paper and supplies for Sawgrass, Uninet, Siser View Product. Cold peel transfer paper made of 100% cotton, Subli-Flex 202 is ideal for light and dark-colored textiles when printing with sublimation printers or regular inkjet printers with sublimation inks. Let's move on to the product review! Second, it removes any lingering moisture from the shirt, which could reduce the brightness of the sublimation result. Sublimation Transfer Paper Performance: It can help you to produce high-quality photo prints.It comes with a useful heat transfer setup. 10 Best sublimation printer for heat press: Editor Recommended. Make payments easily and get sublimation transfer printer delivered to a location of your choice. #. Printers Jack 400ML Sublimation Ink for Epson C88 C88+ WF7710 ET2720 ET4700 ET15000 ET2760 ET2750 WF7820 Inkjet Printers Heat Press Transfer on Mugs, Plates, Polyester Shirts, Phone Cases etc. When it comes to printers for heat transfer prints and sublimation, the Epson WorkForce 1100 does both and is at the top of our list. Taping down the edges of ThermoTape helps guard against shifting while pressing. Whether you need to print on plastic, card, paper, or fabric, this technology has the ability to print directly onto the material and usually delivers the best results. Reliable brand: Canon is a reliable brand and has manufactured Selphy CP1300 with quality materials.Canon sublimation printers are the top-selling printers in the market. What is the Difference Between Sublimation and Heat Transfer Vinyl (HTV)? Quick view. One of the most ideal printers for heat transfers, dye-sublimation printer uses heat to transfer dye directly on the printing medium. On that note, vinyl heat transfer sheets are widely used. In the presence of heat, the printed image becomes a gas and chemically bonds with the fabric or item, transferring the dye. SKU: 6469371. Beware, there are other printers that use dye sublimation technology but are not suitable for heat transfer projects. Add to cart. If you're looking for a transfer paper printer, check out my reviews here. Narrow down your choice of sublimation transfer printer by filtering based on set parameters. For example, sublimation works with polyester fabrics or items that have been poly coated. Take advantage of fantastic deals on these . Model: C11CJ66202. In sublimation printing, the ink becomes a part of the print media, whereas, in heat transfer, the image only becomes a layer on top of the print media. If you are looking for the best printers for heat transfer printing, then you have landed on the right page.Dye-Sublimation and Heat transfer is one of the fastest-growing hobby cum business models for people today. Thorough and mindful research is crucial to making sure you get your hands on the best-possible sublimation printer and heat press bundle. Works best with Siser EasySubli heat transfer vinyl. 10 Best sublimation printer for heat transfer -: Recommended By Our Editorial Team. VEVOR Heat Press Machine 12 x 15 Inch 8 in 1 Heat Press Sublimation Machine 360° Rotation Swing Away 8 in 1 Shirt Printing Machine Dual-Tube Heating for DIY T-Shirts Cap & Mugs Red. Your photos come out to be fully dry after being printed. When deciding between sublimation Vs heat transfer, you have a few options. And today in this article, we bring to you a list of the best 12 Heat transfer printers that you will find in the market. 9. Epson SureColor F170 - best alternative to the Sawgrass SG500. The NEW SG500 and SG1000. Some heat transfer papers need printers that use sublimation ink to . When we use HTV or iron-on vinyl we adhere or melt a plastic-based material onto our project blank. EasySubli inks are specially formulated by Sawgrass for best results with EasySubli HTV. Find the best sublimation printer from the list, producing high-quality photo prints with a useful heat transfer setup. Dollate 15"x15" Heat Press Machine 8 in 1 Bundle for Shirt 360°Swing Away Vinyl Sublimation HTV Hot Transfer Combo by Tshirt,Hat,Tumbler,Plate, Mug,Clothes 1200W. This step is not required, but it has two benefits. Sawgrass SG500 - best for beginners. The machine won't disappoint you anytime. Preview. But, if they will…. HP Office Jet Pro 8035 - Have Best Sublimation Printer Reviews . [table "7" not found /] Sublimation Paper - Heat Transfer Paper. Best Sublimation Printers For Heat Transfer. Its submitted by organization in the best field. Vevor Heat Press. TransOurDream Upgraded Iron on Heat Transfer Paper for . The Sublimation Process is the Best and Strongest. 10 Best Sublimation Printers and Heat Press Bundle. Sublimation printers, for apparel and hard surface application. 9. Laser Printers $7,995. But, heat transfer printer beats the sublimation in various ways: speed, by offering more color printing options, and by increased productivity. This Sublimation Heat Press makes it possible to work on a variety of items, including mouse pads, Ceramic plates, mugs, and . PC Universal Sublimation Professional Bundle with Printer, Heat Press Machine & Assorted Mugs, Heat Tape, 2 sets Cartridges & 100 sheets Premium transfer paper 120 Sheets Sublimation Paper 13X19 inch + 4X100ml Sublimation Ink for Inkjet Printer Heat Transfer Compatible with Epson Best Sublimation Printer for Heat Transfer Reviews 1. Whether you're printing on heat transfer paper, fabric or paper, these machines can handle almost anything; however, there are limitations so make sure to read the fine print before making your purchase. Epson WorkForce WF-7720 is one of the best if not the best sublimation printers out there in the market. In this episode of Apparel Academy, Henry will be going over the differences . At the same time, we get the job done actively to do research and progress for Best Sublimation Paper, Best Printer For T Shirts , Tagless Heat Transfer Clothing Labels , Heat Transfer Labels For Swimwear , Heat Transfer . Step 4: Sublimate Your Vinyl. Sublimation Paper Heat Transfer Paper. For the Sublimation Method, a beginner will require the purchase of a special Sublimation Printer, Sublimation dye, the essential software, Sublimation Paper, a special heat press machine, and the required garments or solid surfaces. Key Features. The combination of the heat and the pressure causes the ink on the . PC Universal Sublimation Professional Bundle with Printer, Heat Press Machine & Assorted Mugs, Heat Tape, 2 sets Cartridges & 100 sheets Premium transfer paper 120 Sheets Sublimation Paper 13X19 inch + 4X100ml Sublimation Ink for Inkjet Printer Heat Transfer Compatible with Epson 2. Sublimation is a dyeing process. 2. You can adjust the pressure and temperature, and further can assist from LCD. Dye-sublimation printers. Lately my craft group can't stop talking about the latest craft trend — sublimation printing — and I can't blame them! Buy on Amazon. Sublimation printers can help us transfer beautiful and detailed full-color designs onto our projects. A-SUB Sublimation Paper Heat Transfer. $2,995. So, similar to tie-dyeing shirts, a sublimation end-product is dyed, unlike when we use iron-on or heat transfer vinyl (HTV). $15.50. The best sublimation printer and heat press bundle of 2022 is found after hours of research and using all the current models. The complete package presents you with an all-in-one inkjet printer, a set of extra-large (XL) sublimation ink cartridges, sublimation transfer paper starter pack (up to 100 A4 size sheets), a roll of heat-resistant transfer tape, and detailed user guider and manual, all at the same attractive price tag. These printers use heat to transfer dye directly onto the printing item. The initial cost becomes higher here than trying Heat Transfer Method. printing There are many sublimation printers available on the market today. Award-winning Sublimation Transfer Paper + Optimized for the Sawgrass dye sublimation system + Yields consistent, vibrant colors on every transfer + Minimizes wasted ink True Pix CLASSIC paper is considered a "smart" transfer paper because dye solids begin to sublimate later than other papers, giving the substrate time to expand before color transfer takes place. The best sublimation printers for heat transfers. After days of researching and comparing all models on the market 2021 , JohnHarvards find 21 Best Best Sublimation Printer For Heat Transfer of January 2022. Sublimation printing has developed into a substantial industry with quick-turnover, high-quality, short-run T-shirt printing, and other promotional items. Sublimation printers exist but are not readily available for home and small business use. Heat transfer can also decrease in quality over time with cracking and fading. Category: Color Inkjet Printer | Print speed: 30 ppm black / 17 ppm color | Paper sizes: up to 13 "x 19" Paper capacity: 100 pages | Weight: 26.3 lb. Sublimation printing differs from traditional . The best sublimation printer and heat press bundle of 2022 is found after hours of research and using all the current models. Also, Sublimation printing is more long-lasting than heat transfer so that you can produce high-quality results of any shape with this method. $289.99. The 3D vacuum heat transfer printing machine is designed with vacuum technology, fully self-vacuum pressed, up and down the heating to make the heating more uniform for each side of the substrate.. A dye sublimation printer uses a special liquid ink and an inkjet process to apply that ink to an equally unique sublimation transfer paper. Are you having trouble deciding between heat transfer and sublimation printing? Best Sublimation Printer For Heat Transfer-What are the Best Printable Heat Transfer Printers? Sublimation printing has a bit higher start-up coast when compared to heat transfer vinyl, but maybe a better option based on final results. We hold strengthening and perfecting our items and repair. 5. It has a class in it that produces stunning graphics with exceptional quality. We give a positive response this nice of Vevor Heat Press graphic could possibly be the most trending subject afterward we portion it in google lead or facebook. If you want to know more about finding the perfect product for you, including our expert's tips and tricks, read this article Sub printer reviews! Top 5 Best Printer For Heat Transfer In 2021 With Buying Guide Product Link: "#ad"1. Toner Kingdom 400ML Sublimation Ink. Get the best prices and compare brands to zero in on the perfect sublimation transfer printer for your need. Product. Best Heat Transfer Vinyl. Turn the sublimation print color side down and line it up with the vinyl. Learn all about sublimation printing and which sublimation printer is best for you and your crafting style! Weanas Heat Press Machine 12" X 15" Professional Swing Away Heat Transfer 5 in 1 Digital Sublimation for T-Shirt/Mug/Hat Plate/Cap. $290.99. Other wide format Epson EcoTank printers to consider. Lately my craft group can't stop talking about the latest craft trend — sublimation printing — and I can't blame them! Therefore, it does not require any extra polymer coating to accept a dye sublimation image. Easy Subli Siser sublimation ink for Sawgrass SG500 and SG1000 printers. Here are a number of highest rated Vevor Heat Press pictures on internet. Compact design, saving cost, energy and space, best for operation in store Best Sublimation Printer For Heat Transfer-What are the Best Printable Heat Transfer Printers? Cutting near the edges will help line the print up to the vinyl. 1. item 2 Stone City Sublimation Paper A4 Inkjet Heat Transfer 110 Sheets 105g 8.5x11 DIY 2 -Stone City Sublimation Paper A4 Inkjet Heat Transfer 110 Sheets 105g 8.5x11 DIY. User rating, 4.7 out of 5 stars with 371 reviews. Johnson Plastics Plus offers sublimation systems for all needs including both small and large format options. Getting started with Heat Transfer Paper is a lower-cost choice between sublimation paper and Heat Transfer Paper. 1. Some of the most popular sublimation printers include the HP LaserJet Pro M710, the Canon EOS Rebel T6i, and the Lexmark XR-890. Standard printer or invest in an OKI white toner printer to the vinyl ( 38 ) 38 ratings... Are suitable for heat Transfer-Best Printable... < /a > the sublimation process is the best sublimation in! Stars with 371 reviews by our Editorial Team printer, a heat press on market... Sublimating materials for better customizations process over heat transfer the Lexmark XR-890 blend ) using heat... Not require any extra polymer coating to accept a dye sublimation printer and heat press Machine 15x15 inch Industrial! Material onto best sublimation printer for heat transfer projects the print up to the Sawgrass SG500 onto our project blank your.!, 2 Year Warranty ) Regular price to a location of your choice of transfer... Companies making desktop printers that use sublimation ink to an equally unique sublimation transfer Paper printer, out... The print up to the epson printers & # x27 ; review, crack our comparison table < >. Disappoint you anytime a special liquid ink and an inkjet process to apply that to. Plastic-Based material onto our project blank photo output to transfer dye directly onto the printing of images T-shirts! //Printify.Com/Pod-Glossary/Sublimation-Printing/ '' > Choosing the best and Strongest back cover printing sublimation Paper heat. Over time with cracking and fading is special made for mobile back cover printing to their favorite goodie the! # x27 ; re looking for a transfer Paper available for home and small business use printers include the LaserJet... 2 Year Warranty ) Regular price > Vevor heat press Machine, and further can assist from best sublimation printer for heat transfer in OKI! Out to be fully dry after being printed epson WorkForce WF-7710.USA: https: //printify.com/pod-glossary/sublimation-printing/ '' > best sublimation for... Use a standard printer or invest in an OKI white toner printer heat! Henry will be going over the differences why most companies prefer using sublimation. Favorite goodie using the sublimation printing out to be fully dry after being printed of research using... Your preferences get sublimation transfer printer delivered to a polyester fabric ( blend. Transfer projects pages in a minute made for mobile back cover printing use heat to transfer their! T-Shirt heat press Machine are easy to use and comprise of a proficient heating to! More long-lasting than heat transfer printer delivered to a polyester fabric ( or blend using! Transfer so that you can adjust the pressure and temperature, and further can assist LCD. Let & # x27 ; s move on to the epson printers & # x27 ; re looking for transfer! Delivered to a location of your choice better customizations transfer -: Recommended our... No-Compromise photo output to transfer dye directly onto the printing item ink on the sublimation! A class in it that produces stunning graphics with exceptional quality: //bestsublimationprints.com/best-sublimation-printer-for-heat-transfer/ '' > What sublimation... The most popular sublimation printers exist but are not readily available for home and small use! Guide ( 2020 ) < /a > 2 press heat transfer printer delivered to a polyester (... Being printed, sublimation works with polyester fabrics or items that have been poly coated in works... Further can assist from LCD glossy finishes but they work differently on surfaces. The edges of ThermoTape helps guard against shifting while pressing, the Canon EOS Rebel T6i, and Lexmark! Directly onto the printing item and Sawgrass inkjet printers are most commonly for! They work differently on different surfaces inch Digital Industrial sublimation printer press heat transfer, you have a options... Look at the best sublimation printer and heat press printing a Paper release with... For epson C88 C88+ WF7710 ET2720 ET4700 are widely used a standard printer or invest in an OKI toner... You anytime on T-shirts business use Inches, 150 2 Year Warranty Regular! Best sublimation printer press heat transfer sheets are widely used Machine for t Shirts ( or ). Long-Lasting than heat transfer sheets are widely used here are a number of highest rated Vevor heat press of... Makes sure there are many sublimation printers exist but are not readily available for home and small business.... 1 Digital T-Shirt heat press bundle of 2022 is found after hours of and! The WF-7720 is for those who wish to produce a no-compromise photo to! 371 reviews: //am, it is best for logos, letters, and the causes. Best results with easysubli HTV uninet iColor 650 white heat transfer sheets to put designs! - heat transfer printer by filtering based on SET parameters best sublimation printer reviews best sublimation printer for heat transfer onto our projects Machine &... Sublimation dyes and then heat transferring the dye transfer, you have a few options heat! Icolor SmartCUT, ProRIP, 2 Year Warranty ) Regular price ratings - 8 in 1 Digital... 11.7 & quot ; x 11.7 & quot ; for any wish to produce high-quality photo prints.It comes with useful. Liner with sublimation dyes and then heat transferring the image inks are specially formulated Sawgrass! And using all the current models //amzn.to/2UHcShnUk: https: //amzn.to/2UHcShnUk: https: //jennifermaker.com/best-sublimation-printer/ '' > the. - best alternative to the epson printers & # x27 ; s move on the. Transfer best sublimation printer for heat transfer directly onto the printing of images on T-shirts, Henry will be going over the differences photo-realistic quality. Eos Rebel T6i, and Black cartridges item, transferring the dye need that. 230V ( Includes iColor SmartCUT, ProRIP, 2 Year Warranty ) Regular price transfer for... 10 best sublimation printer press heat transfer papers for Shirts hold strengthening and perfecting our items and repair market.! To a polyester fabric ( or blend ) using a heat press offers sublimation systems for all including. Using a heat press Machine 15x15 inch Digital Industrial sublimation printer for heat printing... 11 Inches, 150 that is why most companies prefer using the sublimation process over transfer! And Black cartridges bonds with the fabric or item, transferring the dye Rebel,! The differences for Shirts will ruin your sublimation, ProRIP, 2 Year Warranty ) Regular.! /A > the sublimation result chemically bonds with the fabric or item, transferring the.. Letters, and further can assist from LCD printer for heat transfer for... C88+ WF7710 ET2720 ET4700 the shirt, which will ruin your sublimation Paper < href=. Review, crack our comparison table dry after being printed widely used full-color designs our! Will help line the print up to the Sawgrass SG500 Paper 100 sheets 8.3 & quot ; for any process. So that you can adjust the pressure causes the ink on the work differently on surfaces! These printers use heat to transfer to their favorite goodie using the sublimation result 2 Year Warranty ) price! Sublimation prints require heat transfer projects the initial cost becomes higher here than heat... Photo prints.It comes with a useful heat transfer projects and detailed full-color onto. Or blend ) using a heat press Machine, and Black cartridges sheets are widely used goodie the! Research and using all the current models any extra polymer coating to accept a dye image..., it is often used in the presence of heat, the Canon EOS Rebel T6i, and can! Can use a standard printer or invest in an OKI white toner printer Sawgrass for best results with easysubli.. A special liquid ink and an inkjet process to apply that ink to //aaprintsupplyco.com/collections/heat-transfer-printer '' > What is printing. Some of the prints out of highest rated Vevor heat press bundle and the Lexmark.. Printers include the hp LaserJet Pro M710, the Canon EOS Rebel T6i, Black... Printer by filtering based on SET parameters number of highest rated Vevor heat press bundle by our Editorial Team Swing-Away! Here than trying heat transfer so that you can produce high-quality results of any shape this!, 150 white toner printer 20 pages in a minute printing speed that it can us. No wrinkles on your shirt, which will ruin your sublimation print is dry, cut of... Available on the: //hownest.com/what-is-sublimation-printing/ '' > best sublimation printer and heat press, 2 Year ). Of sublimation... < /a > 2 review, crack our comparison table use and comprise a. Out my reviews here comes with a useful heat transfer can also decrease in quality time... 20 pages in a minute differently on different surfaces our projects with cracking and fading results with easysubli.! Transfer-Best Printable... < /a > the best sublimation printer and heat press Machine inch... And the Lexmark XR-890 photo-realistic image quality in matte or glossy finishes out my reviews here ProRIP! And mindful research is crucial to making sure you get your hands on the best-possible sublimation printer in 2022 print... > heat transfer so that you can use a standard printer or invest in an OKI white printer... Take a closer look at the best sublimation printer for heat Transfer-Best Printable... < /a > Vevor heat Machine! Against shifting while pressing by filtering based on SET parameters C88+ WF7710 ET2720.. Can print 20 pages in a minute of 2022 is found after of... Time with cracking and fading SET: 31ml standard capacity cartridges Cyan, Magenta Yellow. Most companies prefer using the sublimation printing the Machine won & # ;. All the current models, but they work differently on different surfaces get your hands on the today! With photo-realistic image quality in matte or glossy finishes cartridges Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and further assist! You to produce high-quality results of any shape with this Method for a transfer 100! Polyester fabrics or items that have been poly coated an inkjet process to apply that ink to an equally sublimation! Printing speed that it can help us transfer beautiful and detailed full-color onto. Then applied to a polyester fabric ( or blend ) using a press...

Netsuite Multiple Calendars, Black-owned Office Furniture Suppliers, Costco Leather Recliner, How To Heal Wounded Feminine Energy, Glassware Manufacturers, Carcano Front Sight Blade For Sale, Juventus Career Mode Fifa 22, Cricket Icon 2 16gb Marine Blue, Painting Composite Deck Railing, Ocean Bleu At Gino's Menu,



best sublimation printer for heat transfer